During the seventies, important institutions like OXFAM, OFDA and Red Cross are reported to have failed in the use of imported emergency shelters. Nonetheless, the United Nations High commission for Refugees and few Disaster-Relief agencies in Turkey continue to make use of imported solutions.
Several related policies and designs are still studied in universities and international research institutes to participate in ambitious programs of reconstruction.
In
this strategy, central authorities (government agencies) provide low-cost
housing. This approach has been criticized after the failure of mass public
housing, where monotony and poor quality in design predominated. However,
these project strategies can be efficient in respecting long-term development
planning and in following urban codes and regulations
In
this strategy, usually intermediate participants are part of the formal
sector. Prefabricated construction companies and large-scale contractors
are sometimes called in to respond to governmental initiatives. Professionals
are in charge of the design and construction of the project. These projects
might be targeted to temporary or permanent shelters. They have been frequently
criticized for not responding to the real needs of the community.
The
output is offered to the community without having the survivors being
involved in the building process. In order to optimize mass production,
standardization and prefabrication are frequently used in this strategy.
Previous examples can be criticized for lack of relationship with cultural
needs and expectations, and for too much interest in the final product
without considering the reinforcement of local strengths.